In our fertile valleys of the central zone, kiwi production is experiencing a remarkable surge. This growth is due to the increasing global demand for this fruit, known for its nutritional benefits and versatility in consumption. Chile has positioned itself as a key player in the international kiwi market, thanks to its favorable climate and its ability to produce during the counter-cycle of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the path to success is filled with challenges, especially in the context of climate change.
Its Rise and the Pursuit of New Markets
Kiwi production in Chile is projected to reach 139,000 tons in the 2023-2024 season, representing an increase of 7% compared to the previous year. This growth reflects the growing importance of Chilean kiwi in the global market. The COVID-19 pandemic boosted the demand for healthy products, and kiwi has greatly benefited from this trend, being a fruit rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and fiber.
Carlos Cruzat, president of the Chilean Fruit Kiwi Committee, has stated that “probably from here to 2030 we will go from 140,000 tons to 200,000 tons, therefore, we have to place those additional 60,000 tons in different markets.” In this regard, Cruzat said that “placing those fruits means we have to seek space” in new markets.
Chile has adapted to these trends by expanding its plantations and improving cultivation practices. The shift towards yellow kiwis, which offer a sweeter taste and smoother texture compared to green ones, has been particularly notable. Currently, 50% of Chile's kiwi exports are of the yellow variety, and this number is expected to increase to 75% in the coming years. However, this varietal change presents significant challenges. Only 1,650 hectares of new varieties have been planted in the last two decades, and barely 200 of these hectares are currently productive.
Challenges of Cultivation
Despite the growth, the kiwi industry in Chile faces several challenges. Climate change is one of the most critical, directly affecting production. Adverse weather conditions, such as frost, are causing reduced budding and loss of fertile shoots. Although some shoots have produced abundant flowers, a decline of up to 14% in production is projected compared to the previous year due to these factors.
The kiwi, being a subtropical crop, thrives in temperate climates. However, spring frosts, which can occur just after plants have begun flowering, pose a significant risk. Temperatures dropping below -2°C can be devastating, damaging flowers and young shoots, which severely affects fruit production. These conditions not only compromise the current harvest but can also have long-term effects on the viability of plantations.
In addition to frosts, other climate phenomena such as drought and heatwaves also affect kiwi production in Chile. The availability of water is a constant concern for farmers, as adequate irrigation is essential to maintain the health and productivity of crops. Efficient water management and adaptation to variable climate conditions are crucial for the industry's future.
Strategies for Frost Control in Kiwis
To mitigate risks associated with frosts, farmers are implementing various management strategies. One of the most effective is sprinkler irrigation with pulsators like the 205. This method allows for efficient frost control and irrigation by using the heat released during water freezing to protect crops. However, it requires a reliable source of water in large quantities and permeable soil to prevent waterlogging issues. The amount of water needed varies according to the rate of night-time temperature drop in each region.
Another effective strategy is the use of wind towers. These towers mix the warmer air from the thermal inversion layer with cooler air near the ground, helping to prevent frost damage. Wind towers such as Antibrina 3-22 are a cost-effective, easy-to-install, and effective solution for protecting crops on different types of terrain.
Moreover, the appropriate choice of cultivation site is crucial to minimize frost risks. Sites with gentle slopes and good air circulation are preferable, as they help avoid the accumulation of cold air in low areas and depressions.
Agrotechnologies, Key to Its Future
The kiwi sector in Chile stands at a crossroads. The global demand presents a unique opportunity to grow and consolidate itself as a market leader, but internal challenges require bold and collaborative solutions. Farmers must continue to adopt new technologies and innovative agricultural practices to overcome these obstacles.
Investment in research and development is essential to improve existing varieties and develop new ones that are more resistant to adverse climatic conditions. Similarly, the use of climate monitoring and forecasting technologies can help farmers anticipate and mitigate the effects of extreme weather phenomena.
Ultimately, the ability to adapt to changing market and climate conditions will determine the long-term success of the kiwi industry in Chile. With careful planning and a proactive approach, Chilean producers are well-positioned to overcome these challenges and seize the opportunities offered by the international market.
Tierraverde at the Upcoming Kiwi Day
At Tierraverde we are experts in developing climate control systems that precisely address the challenges faced by kiwi. That is why we will be present as sponsors at the upcoming Kiwi Day, organized by our partner Red Agrícola, on August 20th at the Monticello Events Center. This conference will be a unique opportunity to gain insight into the state of the art of the industry, and especially its promising projections.
